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''This is an ongoing effort to adapt information from the Collector's Guide to Kaywoodie Pipes into Pipedia articles. The Guide was first compiled by Chris Keene for his pipe pages at [http://chriskeene.com/ ChrisKeene.com]. Chris used source material from Robert W. Stokes, Ph.D and additional support materials from Bill Feuerbach III, of the [[S.M. Frank]] Co.. Many thanks to these dedicated pipemen for their work in compiling this material.'' | [[File:Kaywoodie twinbowl1.jpg|thumb|300px|TWIN-BOWL KAYWOODIE, "Removable inner bowl of purest meerschaum in an outer bowl of the rare old Flame Grain briar. The coolest pipe to smoke ever designed", courtesy [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-14ChrisKeen.com ChrisKeene.com]]][[File:Kaywoodie twinbowl2.jpg|thumb|"The All-Meerschaum Twin-Bowl is one of the handsomest and most distinctive pipes ever made. One of the two removable inner bowls “rests” while the other one “works.”" Courtesy [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-14ChrisKeen.com ChrisKeene.com]]]''This is an ongoing effort to adapt information from the Collector's Guide to Kaywoodie Pipes into Pipedia articles. The Guide was first compiled by Chris Keene for his pipe pages at [http://chriskeene.com/ ChrisKeene.com]. Chris used source material from Robert W. Stokes, Ph.D and additional support materials from Bill Feuerbach III, of the [[S.M. Frank]] Co.. Many thanks to these dedicated pipemen for their work in compiling this material.'' | ||
'''''by Robert W. Stokes, Ph.D''''' | '''''by Robert W. Stokes, Ph.D''''' | ||
= Introduction = | = Introduction = | ||
[[File:Kwg-introimage.jpg|thumb| | [[File:Kwg-introimage.jpg|thumb|300px|"on the town . . on the campus . . for leisure and pleasure, smoking a Kaywoodie Pipe is, more than ever, the badge of the modern masculine male" (Kaywoodie ad, circa 1960), courtesy [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-5 ChrisKeene.com]]]Pipesmokers who were born before 1950 have probably, at one time or another, smoked a Kaywoodie Pipe. As recently as the early 1970's, many local drugstores had extensive Kaywoodie Pipe displays. These later Kaywoodies, however, were generally lacquered "hand-burners" that probably did more to discourage pipesmoking than any recent anti-smoking campaigns. Unfortunately, it is this image of later Kaywoodies that is most prevalent with the majority of pipesmokers/collectors today. Contrary to this perception of all Kaywoodies as "drugstore pipes", many of the early Kaywoodie Pipes were quality briars that were available in an extensive range of shapes. | ||
In recent years, many collectors have "re-discovered" Kaywoodie Pipes. Ads for Kaywoodies, and/or requests for information concerning these pipes, have appeared in pipesmoking and related journals with increasing frequency in recent years. Readily available and reliable information on Kaywoodie Pipes, however, is virtually non-existent. It is unfortunate that with the increasing popularity of pipe collecting in this country, U.S. pipe smoking history has largely been ignored. In its heyday, Kaywoodie Pipes was the world's largest consumer of briar and, contrary to popular belief, produced some extremely high quality smoking pipes, many incorporating innovative design features. | In recent years, many collectors have "re-discovered" Kaywoodie Pipes. Ads for Kaywoodies, and/or requests for information concerning these pipes, have appeared in pipesmoking and related journals with increasing frequency in recent years. Readily available and reliable information on Kaywoodie Pipes, however, is virtually non-existent. It is unfortunate that with the increasing popularity of pipe collecting in this country, U.S. pipe smoking history has largely been ignored. In its heyday, Kaywoodie Pipes was the world's largest consumer of briar and, contrary to popular belief, produced some extremely high quality smoking pipes, many incorporating innovative design features. | ||
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= A BRIEF HISTORY OF KAYWOODIE PIPES = | = A BRIEF HISTORY OF KAYWOODIE PIPES = | ||
[[File:Kwg-2.0.image1(DrinklessFilter).jpg|thumb|Kaywoodie Synchro-Stem and Drinkless Filter, courtesy [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-6 ChrisKeene.com]][[File:Kwg-6 (28pipeSet).jpg|thumb|28 pipe set, courtesy [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-6 ChrisKeene.com]]]According to Hacker (1), the firm of Kaufmann | [[File:Kwg-2.0.image1(DrinklessFilter).jpg|thumb|Kaywoodie Synchro-Stem and Drinkless Filter, courtesy [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-6 ChrisKeene.com]][[File:Kwg-6 (28pipeSet).jpg|thumb|28 pipe set, courtesy [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-6 ChrisKeene.com]]]According to Hacker (1), the firm of [[Kaufmann Bros. & Bondy]] (KB&B) began producing the Kaywoodie (2) Pipe in 1915. Hacker notes that: | ||
:''"The company was originally started in 1851 in New York by two brothers named | :''"The company was originally started in 1851 in New York by two brothers named Kaufmann, who sold meerschaums and clays that a third :brother sent them from Vienna. Business thrived and in 1854 the Kaufmanns took in a partner named Bondy. ... The three partners retired :in 1898, but their relatives continued on with the firm, which had begun to manufacture their own briar pipes under the KB&B trademark. :In 1915 the Kaywoodie brand was created as a marketing umbrella for a new briar pipe which the KB&B company introduced. ..."''' | ||
The "marketing umbrella" mentioned by Hacker included lower grade Kaywoodies that were later marketed under the "Yello-Bole" name. (According to a 1948 Yello-Bole catalog, "Yello-Boles have been on the market since 1933. About 25 millions of these pipes have been sold"). Hacker concludes his history of Kaywoodie Pipes by noting that: | The "marketing umbrella" mentioned by Hacker included lower grade Kaywoodies that were later marketed under the "Yello-Bole" name. (According to a 1948 Yello-Bole catalog, "Yello-Boles have been on the market since 1933. About 25 millions of these pipes have been sold"). Hacker concludes his history of Kaywoodie Pipes by noting that: | ||
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'''Pipedia Editor's Note:''' Thankfully, Kaywoodies are again being made in the U.S. [https://pipedia.org/wiki/Kaywoodie#Recent_History] | '''Pipedia Editor's Note:''' Thankfully, Kaywoodies are again being made in the U.S. [https://pipedia.org/wiki/Kaywoodie#Recent_History] | ||
= ANNOTATED CHRONOLOGY OF KAYWOODIE PIPES (1936-1969) = | |||
Throughout much of the 1940's, 50's and 60's, the Kaywoodie family of pipes consisted of 11 basic grades of briar pipes; though new grades were frequently added to the line and some older grades were discontinued or downgraded. These 11 basic grades of pipes, listed in ascending order of quality, were: | Throughout much of the 1940's, 50's and 60's, the Kaywoodie family of pipes consisted of 11 basic grades of briar pipes; though new grades were frequently added to the line and some older grades were discontinued or downgraded. These 11 basic grades of pipes, listed in ascending order of quality, were: | ||
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</gallery></center> | </gallery></center> | ||
== THE 1936 KAYWOODIE LINE OF PIPES == | |||
The 1936 Kaywoodie catalog lists only four grades of pipes (Table 1). These four grades, however, were available in 140 shapes (see Appendix). These 140 shapes included many that differed only in size (small, medium, large). For example, the "In-Between", "Colt" and "Freshman" shapes listed in the Appendix were merely smaller versions of the standard shapes, and the "E-Z-Set" shapes were "flat-bottom" versions of the standard shapes. | The 1936 Kaywoodie catalog lists only four grades of pipes (Table 1). These four grades, however, were available in 140 shapes (see Appendix). These 140 shapes included many that differed only in size (small, medium, large). For example, the "In-Between", "Colt" and "Freshman" shapes listed in the Appendix were merely smaller versions of the standard shapes, and the "E-Z-Set" shapes were "flat-bottom" versions of the standard shapes. | ||
'''Kaywoodie Pipe Grades and Prices (1936)'''<br> | '''Table 1: Kaywoodie Pipe Grades and Prices (1936)'''<br> | ||
*'''Straight Grain''': $10.00 | *'''Straight Grain''': $10.00 | ||
*'''Super Grain''': $5.00 | *'''Super Grain''': $5.00 | ||
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The workingman's pipe in the 1936 catalog was the Drinkless Kaywoodie. The Drinkless Kaywoodie sold for $3.50 and came in the following four finishes: 1) Thorn (sandblast); 2) Walnut ("rich, warm brown that blends perfectly with brown suits, tweeds and brown hats"); 3) Suntan ("light summer-pipe color to go with light-color fabrics"); and 4) Dark ("rich cherry red"). | The workingman's pipe in the 1936 catalog was the Drinkless Kaywoodie. The Drinkless Kaywoodie sold for $3.50 and came in the following four finishes: 1) Thorn (sandblast); 2) Walnut ("rich, warm brown that blends perfectly with brown suits, tweeds and brown hats"); 3) Suntan ("light summer-pipe color to go with light-color fabrics"); and 4) Dark ("rich cherry red"). | ||
== THE 1947 KAYWOODIE LINE OF PIPES == | |||
[[File:Kaywoodie kwg-3.3.oversize2.jpg|thumb|1947 Kaywoodie Oversize Pipes, courtesy, [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-8 ChrisKeene.com]]] | [[File:Kaywoodie kwg-3.3.oversize2.jpg|thumb|1947 Kaywoodie Oversize Pipes, courtesy, [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-8 ChrisKeene.com]]] | ||
[[File:Kaywoodie kwg-3.3.oversize3.jpg|thumb|1947 Kaywoodie Oversize Pipes, courtesy, [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-8 ChrisKeene.com]]]The 1947 Kaywoodie catalog shows 12 grades of briar pipes and introduces the Kaywoodie Block Meerschaum (Table 2). The briar pipes were available in 69 shapes (See Appendix). In addition to these individual pipes, the 1947 catalog shows two- and seven-pipe matched grain sets(5). | [[File:Kaywoodie kwg-3.3.oversize3.jpg|thumb|1947 Kaywoodie Oversize Pipes, courtesy, [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-8 ChrisKeene.com]]]The 1947 Kaywoodie catalog shows 12 grades of briar pipes and introduces the Kaywoodie Block Meerschaum (Table 2). The briar pipes were available in 69 shapes (See Appendix). In addition to these individual pipes, the 1947 catalog shows two- and seven-pipe matched grain sets(5). | ||
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'''1947 Kaywoodie Pipe Grades and Prices (1947)''' | '''Table 2: 1947 Kaywoodie Pipe Grades and Prices (1947)''' | ||
*'''Connoisseur''': $15.00 | *'''Connoisseur''': $15.00 | ||
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*'''Seven-Pipe Matched Grain Setc''': $125.00 | *'''Seven-Pipe Matched Grain Setc''': $125.00 | ||
== THE 1955 KAYWOODIE LINE OF PIPES == | |||
The line-up of pipes in the 1955 catalog (Table 3) was more extensive than in previous years. The catalog presented an expanded line of meerschaum pipes and introduced a 4-pipe set of Matched Grain Pipes, as well as several pipes with "special features". The number of shapes available (see Appendix), however, was not substantially different from the number offered in the 1947 catalog. | The line-up of pipes in the 1955 catalog (Table 3) was more extensive than in previous years. The catalog presented an expanded line of meerschaum pipes and introduced a 4-pipe set of Matched Grain Pipes, as well as several pipes with "special features". The number of shapes available (see Appendix), however, was not substantially different from the number offered in the 1947 catalog. | ||
The "star" of the 1955 catalog was the Meerschaum Character Pipe. According to the catalog, "A very limited number of these [block] meerschaum character pipes are carved by Kaywoodie sculptors . . . each a true-life reproduction of a famous man." The famous men honored on these pipes included: George Washington; Abraham Lincoln; Thomas Jefferson; Andrew Jackson; Stonewall Jackson; Daniel Boone; Theodore Roosevelt; Sir Walter Raleigh; and Mephisto. | The "star" of the 1955 catalog was the Meerschaum Character Pipe. According to the catalog, "A very limited number of these [block] meerschaum character pipes are carved by Kaywoodie sculptors . . . each a true-life reproduction of a famous man." The famous men honored on these pipes included: George Washington; Abraham Lincoln; Thomas Jefferson; Andrew Jackson; Stonewall Jackson; Daniel Boone; Theodore Roosevelt; Sir Walter Raleigh; and Mephisto. | ||
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*'''Meerschaum/Flame Grain Twin Bowl''': $25.00 | *'''Meerschaum/Flame Grain Twin Bowl''': $25.00 | ||
*'''Sandblasted “Doctor’s” Pipe''': $25.00 | *'''Sandblasted “Doctor’s” Pipe''': $25.00 | ||
*''' | *'''Centennial''': $25.00 | ||
*'''Coral Meerschaum''': $20.00-25 (According to size) | *'''Coral Meerschaum''': $20.00-25 (According to size) | ||
*'''Gourd Calabash''': $15.00-25 (According to size) | *'''Gourd Calabash''': $15.00-25 (According to size) | ||
*'''Ninety- | *'''Ninety-Fiver''': $20.00 | ||
*'''Oversize''': $10.00-25(According to style and finish) | *'''Oversize''': $10.00-25(According to style and finish) | ||
*''' | *'''Connoisseur''': $15.00 | ||
*'''All Briar w/Meerschaum Inlaid Bowl''': $12.50 | *'''All Briar w/Meerschaum Inlaid Bowl''': $12.50 | ||
*'''Flame Grain (Meerschaum Inlaid)a''': $12.50 | *'''Flame Grain (Meerschaum Inlaid)a''': $12.50 | ||
*'''Export Pipes''': $5.00-15 (According to grade) | *'''Export Pipes''': $5.00-15 (According to grade) | ||
*'''All Briar (Briar Bit)''': $10.00 | *'''All Briar (Briar Bit)''': $10.00 | ||
*'''Flame | *'''Flame Grain''': $10.00 | ||
*'''Fit Rite''': $10.00 | *'''Fit Rite''': $10.00 | ||
*''' | *'''Silhouette''': $10.00 | ||
*''' | *'''Carburetor''': $7.50 | ||
*'''Relief | *'''Relief Grain''': $7.50 | ||
*'''Chesterfield''': $5.00-15 (According to grade) | *'''Chesterfield''': $5.00-15 (According to grade) | ||
*'''Chinrester''': $5.00-10 (According to grade) | *'''Chinrester''': $5.00-10 (According to grade) | ||
*'''Stembiter''': $5.00-10 (According to grade) | *'''Stembiter''': $5.00-10 (According to grade) | ||
*'''Streamliner''': $4.00-10 (According to grade) | *'''Streamliner''': $4.00-10 (According to grade) | ||
*'''Super | *'''Super Grain''': $5.00 | ||
*'''Carved Super | *'''Carved Super Grain''': $5.00 | ||
*'''White Briar''': $5.00 | *'''White Briar''': $5.00 | ||
*'''Standard''': $4.00 | *'''Standard''': $4.00 | ||
*'''Filter Plus''': $4.00 | *'''Filter Plus''': $4.00 | ||
*'''Drinkless | *'''Drinkless pup''': $3.50 | ||
*'''Drinkless Tuckaway''': $3.50 | *'''Drinkless Tuckaway''': $3.50 | ||
*'''Drinkless In-Between''': $3.50 | *'''Drinkless In-Between''': $3.50 | ||
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*'''Matched Grain Set (7-Pipes)''': $125.00 | *'''Matched Grain Set (7-Pipes)''': $125.00 | ||
== THE 1968-69 KAYWOODIE LINE OF PIPES == | |||
The 1968-69 catalog offered an interesting assortment of traditional and free-hand styles (Table 4). The traditional pipes were available in over 50 shapes (see Appendix). The Birdseye and Straight Grain pipes were the top-of-the-line, selling for $100 each. Every Birdseye and Straight Grain pipe was registered and, according to the catalog, would "be serviced for life". | The 1968-69 catalog offered an interesting assortment of traditional and free-hand styles (Table 4). The traditional pipes were available in over 50 shapes (see Appendix). The Birdseye and Straight Grain pipes were the top-of-the-line, selling for $100 each. Every Birdseye and Straight Grain pipe was registered and, according to the catalog, would "be serviced for life". | ||
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**'''7 Pipesa''': $250.00 | **'''7 Pipesa''': $250.00 | ||
== NOTES ON KAYWOODIES INTRODUCED BETWEEN 1955 AND 1968 == | |||
The material presented in this monograph is extracted from 1936, 1947, 1955, 1968-69, and four undated Kaywoodie catalogs. Based on a comparison of prices in the 1955 and 1968-69 catalogs, the four undated catalogs appear to span the period from the late 1950's to the late 1960's (i.e., after 1955 but before 1968). This section presents a brief summary of the Kaywoodie Pipes that appeared in these undated catalogs, but did not appear in either the 1955 or 1968-69 catalogs. Table 5 lists Kaywoodie shape numbers that were introduced between 1955 and 1968 | The material presented in this monograph is extracted from 1936, 1947, 1955, 1968-69, and four undated Kaywoodie catalogs. Based on a comparison of prices in the 1955 and 1968-69 catalogs, the four undated catalogs appear to span the period from the late 1950's to the late 1960's (i.e., after 1955 but before 1968). This section presents a brief summary of the Kaywoodie Pipes that appeared in these undated catalogs, but did not appear in either the 1955 or 1968-69 catalogs. Table 5 lists Kaywoodie shape numbers that were introduced between 1955 and 1968 | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== NOTES ON "OTHER” KAYWOODIE PIPES == | |||
[[File:Kaywoodie OtherPipes kwg-26i.jpg|thumb|400px|Kaywoodie Stembiter and Chinrester, courtesy [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-12 ChrisKeene.bom]]]The previous sections of this Chapter summarize information taken from eight Kaywoodie Catalogs from the period 1936 to 1969. Because of the gaps in the catalogs, it is highly likely that many "holes" exist in the material presented in this monograph. This section presents a brief overview of some Kaywoodie Pipes that did not appear in any of the catalogs consulted in this research. The information on these pipes was provided by W.R. "Bill" Lowndes (a well-known Kaywoodie Collector from California). | [[File:Kaywoodie OtherPipes kwg-26i.jpg|thumb|400px|Kaywoodie Stembiter and Chinrester, courtesy [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-12 ChrisKeene.bom]]]The previous sections of this Chapter summarize information taken from eight Kaywoodie Catalogs from the period 1936 to 1969. Because of the gaps in the catalogs, it is highly likely that many "holes" exist in the material presented in this monograph. This section presents a brief overview of some Kaywoodie Pipes that did not appear in any of the catalogs consulted in this research. The information on these pipes was provided by W.R. "Bill" Lowndes (a well-known Kaywoodie Collector from California). | ||
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*'''Rock Ambera.''' Bakelite bits with appearance of amber. From the 1930's and 1940's. Most were marked "Rock Ambera". Some have shanks stamped with cloverleaf around KBB, but no ampersand (like Yello Boles). (Other Kaywoodies with KBB stamping on shank also come with and without the ampersand, according to Lowndes.) Rock Ambera pipes had a black cloverleaf on the bits. (Lowndes notes that he has a Flame Grain Rock Ambera which is not stamped "Rock Ambera", and has the black-in-white logo).12 | *'''Rock Ambera.''' Bakelite bits with appearance of amber. From the 1930's and 1940's. Most were marked "Rock Ambera". Some have shanks stamped with cloverleaf around KBB, but no ampersand (like Yello Boles). (Other Kaywoodies with KBB stamping on shank also come with and without the ampersand, according to Lowndes.) Rock Ambera pipes had a black cloverleaf on the bits. (Lowndes notes that he has a Flame Grain Rock Ambera which is not stamped "Rock Ambera", and has the black-in-white logo).12 | ||
*'''English Kaywoodies'''. All of the catalogs reviewed in this research contained the following copyright notification: Printed in U.S.A., Kaufmann Bros. | *'''English Kaywoodies'''. All of the catalogs reviewed in this research contained the following copyright notification: Printed in U.S.A., Kaufmann Bros. & Bondy, Inc., New York and London. Kaywoodie Pipe cases and smoker's accessories were also marked with "New York and London". The catalogs, however, do not present any information concerning Kaywoodie's London operations, or how the English Kaywoodies might have differed from those manufactured and marketed in the U.S. Lowndes notes that he has several English Kaywoodies acquired in | ||
*'''Vaduz and Zurich'''. English Kaywoodies are now made by Oppenheimer pipes. Lowndes notes that English Kaywoodies with the "screw-in bit" come in Ruby Grain, Custom Grain, Standard, and Relief Grain grades. The traditional push-bit models come in Continental Plain and Relief, London Made, Minaret, Airway Polished No. 707, and Lightweight grades. Prices in 1985 ranged from 9.50 (pounds) to 26.00 (pounds). Lowndes notes that the Super Star was a special edition English Kaywoodie made of finest briar with a handmade silver band. Lowndes has two: one from Zurich with a large white-outlined logo, and beautifully cased; and one in walnut finish with the black-in-white logo. A recent catalog shows the Super Star without a band and the ordinary small white logo. A 1985 letter from Oppenheimer states that the black-in-white logo has been discontinued and only the regular white logo is now used. | *'''Vaduz and Zurich'''. English Kaywoodies are now made by Oppenheimer pipes. Lowndes notes that English Kaywoodies with the "screw-in bit" come in Ruby Grain, Custom Grain, Standard, and Relief Grain grades. The traditional push-bit models come in Continental Plain and Relief, London Made, Minaret, Airway Polished No. 707, and Lightweight grades. Prices in 1985 ranged from 9.50 (pounds) to 26.00 (pounds). Lowndes notes that the Super Star was a special edition English Kaywoodie made of finest briar with a handmade silver band. Lowndes has two: one from Zurich with a large white-outlined logo, and beautifully cased; and one in walnut finish with the black-in-white logo. A recent catalog shows the Super Star without a band and the ordinary small white logo. A 1985 letter from Oppenheimer states that the black-in-white logo has been discontinued and only the regular white logo is now used. | ||
= HINTS ON COLLECTING, DATING AND PRICING KAYWOODIES = | |||
[[File:Kaywoodie Filter kwg-13insert.jpg|thumb|400px|Kaywoodie Filter Plus, courtesy [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-13 ChrisKeene.com]]][[File:Kaywoodie Filter filter-plus.jpg|thumb|400px|Filter Plus Flyer, courtesy [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-13 ChrisKeene.com]]]It should be clear from the preceding chronology that the firm of KB&B probably produced hundreds of thousands of pipes in the years since 1915. There is certainly no shortage of Kaywoodies today., The mid- and low-grade pipes are available in abundance at flea markets and estate sales, and from numerous pipe traders/collectors. | [[File:Kaywoodie Filter kwg-13insert.jpg|thumb|400px|Kaywoodie Filter Plus, courtesy [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-13 ChrisKeene.com]]][[File:Kaywoodie Filter filter-plus.jpg|thumb|400px|Filter Plus Flyer, courtesy [http://chriskeene.com/kwg-13 ChrisKeene.com]]]It should be clear from the preceding chronology that the firm of KB&B probably produced hundreds of thousands of pipes in the years since 1915. There is certainly no shortage of Kaywoodies today., The mid- and low-grade pipes are available in abundance at flea markets and estate sales, and from numerous pipe traders/collectors. | ||
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13. Pre_smoked pipes, however, generally sell for about one-half the "new" price. On the other hand, it could be argued that briar prices have increased faster than prices for most other consumer goods and the dealer prices quoted above may still be reasonable, even for pre-smoked pipes. | 13. Pre_smoked pipes, however, generally sell for about one-half the "new" price. On the other hand, it could be argued that briar prices have increased faster than prices for most other consumer goods and the dealer prices quoted above may still be reasonable, even for pre-smoked pipes. | ||
'''Table 2 Notes:'''<br> | |||
a) Small (half-size) versions of 3.50, 5, 7.50, and $10 grades.<br> | a) Small (half-size) versions of 3.50, 5, 7.50, and $10 grades.<br> | ||
b) In case lined with velvet and satin.<br> | b) In case lined with velvet and satin.<br> | ||
c) In morocco leather case, lined with white satin and velvet. | c) In morocco leather case, lined with white satin and velvet. | ||
'''Table 3 Notes:'''<br> | |||
a) These pipes are described in the previous section of this Chapter.<br> | a) These pipes are described in the previous section of this Chapter.<br> | ||
b) See Table 4.<br> | b) See Table 4.<br> | ||
'''Table 4 Notes:'''<br> | |||
a) These pipes are described in the previous section of this Chapter. | a) These pipes are described in the previous section of this Chapter. | ||
'''Table 5 Notes:'''<br> | |||
a)These are shape numbers and/or descriptions that did not appear in any of the catalogs | a)These are shape numbers and/or descriptions that did not appear in any of the catalogs | ||
summarized in Sections 3.1-3.4.<br> | summarized in Sections 3.1-3.4.<br> | ||